Oppositional? Defiant? Oh no! - Tips and Strategies in guiding children with ODD (Oppositional Defiant Disorder)

by Dr. John Adduru

In recent studies, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is one of the most frequent disorders in early childhood, with prevalence rates of 4.0–16.8%; the pooled prevalence is 3.6% up to age 18. However, it's important to note that these rates can vary based on gender and socioeconomic status.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by a frequent and ongoing pattern of anger, irritability, arguing, defiance toward parents and other authority figures, and vindictiveness. It is also characterized by habitual aggression and hostility, resistance to authority, and outbursts of rage that interfere with normal functioning and relationships.

Here are some strategies that parents/teachers/caregivers can do to deal with a child that exhibits oppositional and defiant characteristics:

a. Be a positive guidance

It is necessary to establish a strong, positive relationship with the child. This can make them more receptive to your guidance. Although it can be frustrating in the beginning, please don't blame the child for their behavior because it is not them that is the problem; it is their regulatory and inhibitory control system.

b. Consistency in expectations

Maintaining consistent expectations and consequences is a must. This provides a sense of security and predictability for the child, which can help them navigate through life, especially with their emotions. Filling in the void where sometimes they can be lost is a priority. Hence, having clear and achievable expectations is good. Of course, it sets them up for success and reminds them that failure is a learning opportunity to improve.

c. Brain and body breaks

Allow the child to take frequent breaks during tasks. This is not just good for the mind but also the body. Be observant of signs of fatigue and frustration, and make them understand that these feelings are okay. It is also fine to have a break between tasks. This can help manage frustration and prevent outbursts.

d. Let them have choices

Whenever possible, give the child choices. This can help them feel a sense of control and reduce oppositional behavior.

e. Intangible rewards

A simple high five, verbal praise, being receptive, and noting small successes are some of the key ingredients of building a lasting relationship with the child. We can do these intangibles to make them feel valued and accepted. You, the caregiver, should be the most significant reinforcement.

f. Model the language

Show the child how to communicate effectively and solve problems creatively. This can help them understand that it is up to them to communicate their needs and find ways to solve problems in every situation.

While the prevalence of ODD is significant, it’s important to remember that each child is unique and requires an individualized approach. Despite the challenges, with the proper support and intervention, children with ODD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. It’s crucial for caregivers, including teachers and therapists, to equip themselves with the knowledge and skills to effectively support these children, especially when parental cooperation is lacking. Remember, the goal is not to change the child but to provide them with the tools and strategies they need to navigate their world successfully.

References:

1. Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) - Symptoms and causes. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oppositional-defiant-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20375831

2. GoodTherapy. (n.d.). Therapy for ODD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/issues/oppositional-and-defiant-disorder/treatment

3. Canino, G., Polanczyk, G., Bauermeister, J. J., Rohde, L. A., & Frick, P. J. (2010). Does the prevalence of CD and ODD vary across cultures? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45, 695–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0242-y

4. American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (n.d.). Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.aacap.org/App_Themes/AACAP/docs/facts_for_families/72_children_with_oppositional_defiant_disorder.pdf

5. Interborough Developmental and Consultation Center. (n.d.). How to Deal with a Child with ODD. Retrieved from https://www.interborough.org/how-to-deal-with-a-child-with-odd/